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Sikhism is a major religion in the Greater Vancouver, especially among its Indo-Canadian population. As of 1995 Greater Vancouver has one of the two largest Sikh populations in the world that are not in India.〔International Journal of Punjab Studies, Volume 2. Sage Publications, 1995. p. (178 ). "()and also in the two largest populations of Sikhs outside of India — in Britain, in London, and in Canada, in Vancouver."〕 As of 1977, Vancouver's Sikh community, along with that of the Greater Toronto Area, is one of the two largest Canadian Sikh communities.〔Campbell, ''(The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study in Minority-Host Relations )'', p. 4 (PDF document p. 12/136). "Vancouver and Toronto have the largest Sikh communities and Canada."〕 Verne A. Dusenbery wrote in 1981 that the Sikh community in () Vancouver was Canada's "most influential", oldest, and largest Sikh community.〔Dusenbery, "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy," p. 101.〕 As of the 2001 Statistics Canada there were 99,005 Sikhs in the Greater Vancouver census agglomeration.〔"(Annexes )" ((Archive )). ''Report of Meetings with Representatives of the Indo‑Canadian Community''. Government of Canada. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.〕 As of 2011 the population of the City of Vancouver proper is 2.3% Sikh.〔(2011 Census )〕 By 2003 the Sikhs became the largest group in the Vancouver metropolitan area that does not practice Christianity.〔Nayar, ''The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver'', p. (3 ).〕 Hugh Johnston, the author of "The Development of the Punjabi Community in Vancouver since 1961," wrote that "Sikhs are exclusively Punjabi".〔Johnston, Hugh, p. 16.〕 ==History== Beginning in the 1930s, within the Vancouver area, many clean-shaven or ''sahajdhari'' Sikhs began hanging up their hats and entering the gurdwaras with uncovered heads; this practice was like men removing hats before attending Christian churches. Turbanned or ''kesdhari'' Sikhs objected to this practice.〔Johnston, Hugh, p. 7.〕 Until the 1960s Sikh religious organizations were the primary political interest groups of the Indo-Canadian community in the Vancouver region.〔Johnston, Hugh, p. 1.〕 At that time there were three gurdwaras in Metro Vancouver: the two Khalsa Diwan Society (KDS) gurdwaras in Vancouver and New Westminster and the Akali Singh gurdwara in Vancouver.〔Johnston, Hugh, p. 5.〕 The political structure of the Sikh community began to shift in the early 1970s since newcomers to politics began vying for influence against established political leaders as immigration increased the size of the community.〔 In 1981 there were 22,392 Sikhs in Vancouver, virtually all of them being ethnic Punjabi.〔Johnston, Hugh, p. 3.〕 That year, Dusenbery wrote that the maturation of Punjabi Sikhs who were children of immigrants, the increase in immigration, and the rise of gora (White) Sikh converts from Canada and the United States changed the character of the Vancouver Sikh community in the period 1971-1981.〔 Several turbanned Sikhs began criticizing the practice of entering gurdwaras with uncovered heads in the 1970s.〔Johnston, Hugh, p. 8.〕 Organizations that favored the establishment of Khalistan began assuming control of Greater Vancouver gurdwaras after Operation Bluestar occurred in 1984.〔Nayar, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora," p. 22.〕 In 1988 Hugh Johnston wrote that in regards to the city's Punjabi community, "being Punjabi is coming to mean, exclusively, being Sikh",〔 and that "it seems likely that Punjabi culture" in Vancouver would be exclusively "an aspect of Sikh identity" and exclude Hindus, who disagreed on the Khalistan issue.〔Johnston, Hugh, p. 2.〕 Around 1995 moderate Sikhs politically challenged more extremist Sikhs in gurdwaras in Vancouver and Surrey. A December 1996 attack on the Guru Nanak temple in Surrey led by extremists and a January 1997 fight occurred.〔"(Oct. 28, 2000: Friday's charges came after a 15-year probe )." ''The Vancouver Sun''. July 30, 2007. Retrieved on December 5, 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sikhism in Greater Vancouver」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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